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Meiosis is the specialized cell division that produces gametes (sperm and eggs) with half the chromosome number of the parent cell. This ensures that when fertilization occurs, the offspring regain the normal diploid number.
The process occurs in two major stages: Meiosis I and Meiosis II.
In Meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair up during Prophase I, where crossing over takes place — this is the major source of genetic recombination. Then, in Metaphase I, homologous pairs line up randomly at the cell’s equator (independent assortment), further increasing variation. Anaphase I pulls whole chromosomes apart, and Telophase I + cytokinesis creates two haploid cells.
Meiosis II separates sister chromatids (very similar to mitosis), resulting in four genetically distinct haploid gametes.
These phases of meiosis are fundamental for sexual reproduction and evolution, as they generate new allele combinations in every generation.
For a detailed visual guide with clear diagrams of every stage, take a look here: phases of meiosis
Which phase do you think contributes most to genetic diversity?